You can start your review here.
http://www.usimmigrationsupport.org/?NS_cid=1
I don't do immigration law but I think you start with a work visa and then move up to a green card.
Edit - After a brief review I would start here: http://www.usimmigrationsupport.org/visa_tn.html
It is for just Canada and Mexico under NAFTA. It is good for 6 years
or
http://www.usimmigrationsupport.org/visa_h1b.html
for Professional work visa. This is also good for 6 years and if the company sponsors you, you can apply for a green card.
Edit No: 2 - the green card is permanent.
Now I have no idea if you still have to pay Canadian taxes working in the US. That's for a different thread, but you will pay US taxes.
As far as citizenship goes, I think they just changed the test and requirements but I'm not sure.
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